I wasn’t planning to read or watch Twilight. But when I found myself trapped in a plane flying to the Middle East with nothing for company but trashy mags and an in-flight movie, I decided to hang up my garlic and crucifix and give into the teenage vampire phenomenon. I swear I did for the sake of social science.
I wish that I could report differently, but make no mistake: Twilight is disturbing. Its implicit messages are probably as bad as you feared for all of the reasons that you assumed.
The seductive allure of vampires has long served as a metaphoric exploration of the dangerous, un-tamable terrain of human sexuality. That teenage girls are now the subject of and the market for these tales speaks volumes about the position they now occupy in our culture. Sexualized at ever younger ages, high school girls are indeed contending with the dark allure and sparkle of sexuality. More so than at any other point in North American history, teenage girls are finding themselves in the same position as Twilight’s female protagonist, Bella: left facing a world of romance and desire largely without adult guidance. Bella is a high school junior who moves in with her father when her mother decides to pull of stakes to follow her baseball-playing boyfriend (problematic, anyone?). While Bella’s mother is much more friend than parent, her father is emotionally unavailable. Upon her arrival, Bella’s father presents her with a car – our culture’s most potent symbol of teenage independence – and leaves her to her freedom.
Into this opening waltzes Edward, a sexy 17-year-old vampire who is irresistibly attracted to Bella’s scent and filled with a need to “protect” her. Edward tells Bella that he may be unable to resist her blood and that she would be wise to stay away. But quickly, Bella declares her trust in him and a romance blossoms based on Edward’s super-human powers of restraint. Bella literally flirts with danger.
Twilight really is a teenage girl’s fantasy – and it encourages the worst of teenage misconceptions. Edward is completely devoted to Bella – consumed with a desire that he must restrain. To use a term coined by Bust magazine, Twilight is abstinence porn. Bella is emotionally satisfied and sexually titillated and she’s freed from the burden of taking responsibility for her sexuality – a responsibility that I honestly believe few teenagers want to squarely face. But Bella is also denied all agency. Her relationship is based on Edward’s restraint – putting him firmly in control. When Bella takes sexual initiative, she is presented as responsible for endangering Edward’s self-control. It’s a fantastical situation that renders narratives of male desire and female responsibility physically incarnate.
When things go wrong for Bella, Edward jumps in to fulfill the script of male protector. Unsurprisingly, Bella takes as little agency in her rescue as possible . When she does take action, Bella conforms perfectly to rigid gender scripts. It’s like a bad caricature. Cultural scripts of male protectiveness and female submission are played through so thoroughly that it’s sickening – and predictable enough to be boring. And yes, Twilight is unfailingly heterosexist. That nearly goes without saying.
Twilight does present, however, one exception to the pattern of female submissiveness: female vampires. These “vamps” are autonomous characters with complete agency. They solve problems, defend themselves, disagree with men, and help to save Bella. They are also powerfully sexual. One can’t help but wonder if Bella’s wish to become a vampire is in part a desire to take control of her sexuality and thereby gain agency in other parts of her life. But as ever, Edward plays gatekeeper to her desires.
From romanticizing obsession and the warning-signs of abuse to a villain that video tapes his sexually charged attack on Bella like bad porn, Twilight employs an impressive number of misogynist texts. It even uses the classic abuse excuse “I fell down the stairs” to explain the injuries Bella sustains. I think I’m ready to wash my mouth out with some Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Maybe I need to go buy myself this t-shirt.
PS: As a bonus, here are a few more thoughts on the teenage vampire phenomenon from a friend of mine studying library science:
Teen vampire fiction meets ordinary orphan girl becomes princess fantasy! (1) hm, I am sensing a new trend here thanks to Twilight. It’s the vampire AU fan fiction trend. What will be next? Could it be…
-Vampires! With ponies! (bonus points if the ponies are telepathic)
-The Undead Babysitters Club
-This genre clearly needs something for the boys (2). Probably something about a vampire boy and his dog being stranded on a desert island, struggling for survival with only fish and/or fish blood to eat and only sticks and palm fronds to make a sun-proof shelter. Or maybe a book about vampire pirates.
(1) Note: I have not read this book. It may very well be good, as it was mentioned by the children’s book newsletter I get.
(2) Because clearly no boys would not like these books, nor would any girls like the “boy books.”